APPLICATION OF METHODS-TIME MEASUREMENT AS A TOOL TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY IN A BEAUTY SALON

ABSTRACT


I. INTRODUCTION
In the search for solutions to increase the useful life of machinery and equipment components, with regard to minimizing (or even inhibiting) the action of agents in environments with aggressive atmospheres, the technological advance in the area of metallurgy with the development of new surface treatment techniques, as described [1].
There are many metallic coating techniques used in the industry.The increase in the number and importance of surface treatment process applications allows replacing traditional applications such as nickel plating, galvanizing, chrome plating, etc. by thermal spraying [2].Among the metallization processes, thermal spraying stands out for guaranteeing the protection of the base material without impacting the environment, compared to other coating techniques.
Many thermal spray coatings will certainly undergo machining processes, either to improve surface finish and/or to meet dimensional tolerance requirements for certain projects.Thus, the most accurate decision of machining technology applied to the coating is directly linked to the functionality of the parts for which the coating was defined.
There are several elements present in the structure of sprayed coatings that affect the machining process, such as partially fused or unfused particles, pores, oxidized particles, and different hard and brittle phases (carbides and oxides).During the machining process, these elements are the cause of intermittent cutting, which leads to rapid wear of the cutting tool, which can affect the desired quality of the thermal coating surface finish that could be achieved.It is also known that other factors that influence the selection of technology and machining parameters concern the set of phenomena that occur because of the cutting process in the surface layers: changes in mechanical properties, structural changes, defects, hardening and residual stresses.However, there are no studies on the behavior of materials sprayed in machining and how the cutting parameters can influence the process [3].However, machining thermal sprayed coatings is a process for cutting materials that are difficult to machine.In the work performed by [4], the machining by end milling of samples of superalloy Inconel 718 showed, among results, a surface finish ranging from 1.5 µm and approximately 2.5 µm, with cutting speed (Vc) 60 m/min.Comparing this result with the variable surface roughness obtained in milling the coatings sprayed in this work (1 µm to 1.79 µm), with cutting speed (Vc) 50 m/min, it is possible to observe the existence of proximity in the experimental values found.Thus, similarities in the behavior of these materials are assumed when machining with a tool with defined geometry.
The purpose of this work is to evaluate the influence of cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed per tooth), together with different cutting tool tip radius, on tool wear, machining forces and surface finish by the milling process in metallic coatings based on iron-nickel, iron-chromium, and cobalt-chromium alloys.The coating deposition process was performed by electric arc thermal spraying, which compared to other spraying techniques has advantages such as high deposition rate and lower cost.

II. THEORETICAL REFERENCE II.1 THERMAL SPRAY
Of the methods of applying metallic coatings, thermal spraying (ts) is a method of great industrial acceptance for bringing together low cost and certain advantages compared to other techniques.This process guarantees a wide range of chemically different materials that can be sprayed, and has a high coating deposition rate, which allows for greater thicknesses of sprayed material, in addition to the portability of the equipment used [5].
The coating structure is formed from the continuous deposition of molten particles that will accumulate a coating characterized by flattened particles and lamellar microstructure [6].Among the various existing processes, thermal spraying is the one with the most numerous configurations, both in terms of energy sources (plasma, flame, electric arc) and materials used (metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, etc.) [7].
Electric arc thermal spray technology has become popular compared to other spray technologies mainly due to its high thermal efficiency, high spraying efficiency and low processing cost [8].
The coatings produced by thermal spraying have high roughness, which can have undesirable effects on the mechanical set in operation, resulting in greater friction and wear of components, causing changes in the adjustments provided for in the project.To meet these mechanical elements and guarantee them pre-established dimensions, they must be subjected to a precision finishing operation.As a result, coatings are often turned, milled, or ground [9].

II.2 MILLING THERMAL SPRAYED MATERIALS
According to [9], some care must be taken when milling thermally sprayed flat surfaces: priority should be given to removing raised areas or irregularities and making very light cuts; in crosscut tangential milling, care must be taken to avoid lifting the coating from the substrate; cutting speeds should be in the range of 20 to 30 m/min, however, they can be higher when milling some materials, such as copper alloys; the feed is usually 0.2 -0.5 mm/revolution for roughing and should be reduced according to the finishing required.

II.3 MACHINING FORCES ANALYSIS
In machining operations where there are interruptions in the cut and variations in the thickness of the cut, as in milling, the analysis of the efforts involved is essential for understanding the mechanical behavior of the tool.According to [10] the main factors that can affect the machining forces are the cutting parameters (mainly the feed), workpiece hardness, shear strength of the machined material, tool geometry and the stability of the machine and the cutting device fixation.In this study, for the simplification and understanding of the machining force analysis, the orthogonal cut hypothesis is adopted.That is, the material to be removed undergoes plane deformation, as it does not deform in the direction of the length of the cutting edge.The deformation of the material occurs on the surface of the tool, in the plane orthogonal to the cutting edge, the work plane [11].However, it is necessary to understand the theories of orthogonal and oblique cutting for the application in current projects of cutting tools with complex geometries.Because the basic mechanisms for material removal and chip formation remain the same as in classical processes [12].
Having as reference the hypothesis of the orthogonal cut, [11] considers that in the work plane there will be three pairs of components, perpendicular to each other.These pairs will be arranged in three different directions: in the cutting direction, where the cutting force (FC) is located, forming an orthogonal pair with the advance force (FF), as shown in figure 1a; towards the tool rake face, placing the friction force (FT) and perpendicular to the force normal to the rake face (FN), indicated in figure 1b; in the direction of the shear plane, which contains the shear force (FZ) followed by the force normal to the shear plane (FNZ), illustrated in Figure 1c.Source: Adaptation by [11].

II.4 TOOL WEAR EVALUATION
In the cutting tool, the evaluation of the cutting edge is a vitally important factor in defining the tool life in the machine and has a direct influence on the surface quality of the part, its dimensional accuracy and the cost of the final product.In general, wear is mainly influenced by the state of stress and temperature variation in the cutting region and propagates according to several different mechanisms.The presence of Ni favors the increase of resistance to heat and oxidation in materials.Researchers, such as [13], describe that the traditional machining processes of Ni-based materials are challenging, as these alloys usually have low thermal conductivity.For this reason, heat will advance into the tool material, and this causes the tool to wear out.
In the cutting edge, there are three main wears that can occur on cutting tools: flank wear, crater wear, and notch wear.
Flank wear is the most frequent among the wear.It is located on the tool clearance surface and is attributed to the heat generated by friction between the tool flank face and the newly machined surface of the part.For [14], high temperatures on the tool and chip surfaces increase the heat transfer to the tool and accelerate its wear.
Notch wear occurs when machining a hardened (hardened) surface.The notch tends to be a region of stress concentration due to its steep depth, which can lead to rapid and sudden tool failure.
Crater wear occurs on the tool rake surface, where the chip flows, in the secondary shear zone.This wear takes place at high levels of cutting speed and temperature and results from the combination of abrasion and diffusion wear mechanisms.Crater formation is the result of stress distribution on the tool rake surface.

Ill.1 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL
For the samples, ASTM A36 carbon steel was used as a substrate and they were made in the form of a ¼" thick plate and chemical composition, according to standard [15], which is shown in Table 1.

Ill.2.1 Thermal Spraying Process
To obtain the coating, the electric arc thermal spraying process was used.The main characteristics of the process, from blasting to the formation of texturing to the application of the metallic coating, are described in Table 2.In the electric arc thermal spraying process, in this research, the wires used (ER420) have a chemical composition, as shown in Table 3. Source: [16].
The samples obtained were divided into two groups: samples sprayed and sprayed with sealant application.In this research, the sealant resin copolymer WFT 1532 was used, which has the characteristic of promoting active capillary sealing of the porosity of the coating.Figure 2 represents the dimensions and surface characteristics of the samples.

Ill.2.2 Machining, Machining Forces and Roughness of Samples Thermal Spraying Process
The machining of the samples was carried out in a Diplomat 3001 milling machine, model FVF-2000, at the Machining Research Laboratory (LABUS) at CEFET/RJ.To evaluate the surface treatment applied to the samples and to investigate the mechanical properties of the resulting material, the surface finish (roughness) and the machining force after milling the coating were adopted as evaluation criteria.The milling operation was performed using cutter R390-020 A 20L -11L with Ø20 mm, with two cutting edges and inserts R390-11T3 08M-PM1130 with 0.8 mm of nose radius and R390-11T3 04M-PM1130 with 0, 4 mm nose radius, both from the manufacturer Sandvik.These pellets had AlTiCrN coatings obtained by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) process.
To perform the machining of the samples, channels were milled with a length covering the entire width of the part and a depth of 0.50 mm.The cutting parameters used are shown in Table 4.In all conditions, abundant cutting fluid was used (approximate flow rate of 3.8 l/min).In each condition, a new pair of cutting edges was used, so that the wear did not influence the results obtained.In the initial evaluation by machining, a tool with a radius of 0.8 mm was used and the samples were submitted to two levels of cutting speed: 50 m/min and 84 m/min.The initial results, totaled in four conditions, refer to samples without sealant and with sealant, as shown in Table 5.The sprayed metallic coating started to be analyzed through milling, where the influence of the cutting parameters on the useful life of the tools, on the machining forces acting on the cut and on the surface finish resulting from the machining process was evaluated.
For the acquisition of machining force data, a piezoelectric dynamometer brand Kistler, model 9257 BA, acquisition in 3 working ranges in Fx, Fy and Fz from 0.5 kN to 10 kN, acquisition rate of 2 kHz (Fx , Fy) and 3.5 kHz (Fz) and a 3-channel charge amplifier, Kistler, model 5233A.A National Instruments AD data acquisition board, model NI-USB-6221 was used for the conversion and transmission of analog to digital signals.Figure 3 represents the assembly of samples for acquisition of machining force data, during the milling process.For the acquisition of roughness data, a Mitutoyo rugosimeter, model SJ-210, was used, with a probe of 5 µm/s, cut off 0.8 mm and resolution of 0.01 µm.In each milled slot, 3 measurements were taken.
The preparation of the machined surface for evaluation of the surface finish was carried out by two passes with a depth of 0.5 mm in each groove.The experimental values measured were considered after the execution of the 2nd pass (denoted new tool) and 6th pass (denoted worn tool) of machining.In the evaluation of the surface finish attributed to the samples, the parameters Ra (with corresponding mean values and standard deviation), Rz and Rt (with their maximum values) were considered.
It is important to highlight that, in the samples with and without sealant machined with a cutting speed of 84 m/min, there was a strong vibration in the process, which was more intense in the sample with sealant.

IV.1 WITH VARIATION OF CUTTING SPEED
In the evaluation of the coating, considering the variation of cutting speed with 50 m/min and 84 m/min, it was observed how these speeds influenced the machining force, the surface finish and tool wear.The best results were obtained with a cutting speed of 50 m/min based on machining forces and tool wear analysis, although the presence of the sealant did not impact the surface quality, given the variation in cutting speed.
It can be highlighted, in the machining of samples with and without sealant with a speed of 84 m/min, the presence of strong vibration in the process.Though vibration has been more intense in the sample with sealant.This fact resulted in expressive tool wear, as well as an increase in the machining force.

IV.2 WITH CONSTANT CUTTING SPEED
Cutting speed was set to 50m/min because it demonstrated better performance in terms of machining forces and tool wear.Having defined the best cutting parameters, the following tests were carried out with tools with radius of 0.4 mm and 0.8 mm, using a cutting speed of 50 m/min.

IV.2.1 CUTTING TOOL WEAR
Nose flank wear is notably evident on the main flank, as shown in Figures 4 and 5.    Figures 6 and 7 show the predominant wear characteristic located at the tool tip, in the secondary flank region.The phenomenon of adhesion is present, mainly on the flank of the tool with a radius of 0.4mm, when milling the material without sealant, illustrated in Figure 6a.Crater wear caused by plastic deformation on the rake face can be seen in Figures 8 and 9.The wear is more pronounced on inserts with a 0.8mm radius, as seen in Figures 9a and 9b.

IV.2.2 Machining Force and Wear on Cutting Tools
Figures 10a and 10b represent the values corresponding to the machining forces and wear on the inserts, at the end of the milling process, where the inserts are in the worn condition.Analyzing the machining forces acting, it is noted the predominance of the highest values in the samples with sealant.The effect of machining in these samples can be attributed to the typical behavior of the cutting mechanism in fiber-reinforced composites, where hard polymer particles are formed during tool sliding.Studying the effect of milling carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites, [17] admitted the possibility of the milling process inducing delamination during machining.The shear forces act by pushing the unsupported fibers, resulting in delamination of the composite material.The presence of protruding fibers on the machined surface prevents the tool edge from passing through, thus increasing the friction force.
With reference to the insert with 0.4mm radius, there was less machining force with less wear, when milling the samples without sealant.However, with the application of the sealant, the machining force and wear were higher (mainly on the main flank) compared to the insert with a radius of 0.8 mm, as shown in Figures 10a and 10b.[18] performed a check on the behavior of the cutting force through the ratio r/h (insert tip radius / depth of cut) greater and less than unity.Uncoated carbide inserts were used for milling glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets.The r/h parameter was investigated for different tool nose radius.The researchers found that there was a disproportionate increase in shear forces in the r/h < 1 condition, a fact repeated in this work, as reported above.

IV.2.3 Machining Force and Surface Finish
As can be seen in figures 11a and 11b, there was a tendency towards higher average roughness values in the samples coated with sealant.However, there are no significant differences in the values presented.The experimental values obtained remained satisfactory, according to the limits proposed in the literature.It is also noted that the tool with a radius of 0.4 mm on the sample without sealant produced a better final finish, with less machining effort.

IV.3 ANALYSIS OF MACHINED SURFACES
With reference to the surfaces of the sample without sealant machined with inserts with a radius of 0.8 mm (Figure 12a), visible tool marks are noted on the machined surface in the 3rd groove.This fact is probably due to the wear on the flanks and the plastic deformation that occurred at the tips of the inserts, as can be seen in Figures 14a and 16a.The highest value of machining force used is observed with the insert with a radius of 0.8 mm, in comparison with the insert with a radius of 0.4 mm, as shown in Figure 10a.According to [19], plastic deformation originates from the action of cutting forces and stresses on the cutting edge at high temperatures, which reduces the mechanical properties of the tool, making it vulnerable to wear.The spectrum of the machining force at the end of the milling process can be seen in Figure 12b.Force spectrum (3rd channel).Source: Authors, (2022).
In the case of the sample with sealant milled with a radius of 0.8 mm (Figure 13a), the machined channels also have tool marks on their surfaces due to the same reason attributed to the samples without sealant, previously described.Less wear is observed on the main flank, in relation to the sample with sealant machined with a radius of 0.4 mm, as shown in Figure 10a.The behavior of the machining forces acting on the cutting edge can be described in the spectrum indicated in Figure 13b.When milling the sample with a sealant machined with an insert with a radius of 0.4 mm expressed in Figure 14a, the deep marks of the cutting tool on the machined surface can be seen in the 2nd groove, which must have increased the wear on the flanks and on the tip of the wafer, as shown in Figures 4b and 6b.According to [20], grooves on the machined surface are attributed to the bearing of hard particles between the tool-workpiece interface.These particles penetrate the grooves and cavities of the worn surface of the tool, acting on the machined surface.This fact resulted in an increase in the machining force and greater wear on the main flank, compared to the wear and machining force acting on the 0.8mm radius insert, as shown in Figure 10a.At the end of the milling process, the machining forces were maintained according to the spectrum in Figure 14b.Observing Figure 15a, which depicts the milling on the sample without sealant machined with an insert with a radius of 0.4 mm, one can see, in the machining of the 3rd groove, a surface finish with gloss, tool marks and a roughness value below the found, as discussed in Figure 11b.What may have occurred in the machining of this groove, due to the loss of coating, was the adhesion of the material to the edge of the cutting insert, as shown in Figure 6a.There was no shear in the action of the cutting edge on the material, but the plasticization of the coating sprayed on the machined surface.This phenomenon is called melting.According to [21], the melting is related to the adhesion of the sample material on the cutting edge of the tool, causing an increase in temperature at the interface of the tool and the surface of the sample, due to friction.Consequently, there is a reduction in the mechanical strength and plasticity of the sample material.However, [22] indicate that, to the coating of carbide tools, the characteristic of increasing the adhesion resistance is attributed, facilitating the flow and removal of the chip.
The force spectrum shown in Figure 15b, indicates the presence of melting on the surface of the sample without sealant machined with a tool with a radius of 0.4 mm, at the end of the milling process.Force spectrum (3rd channel) Source: Authors, (2022).

V. CONCLUSIONS
Due to the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that: 1.The current thermal sprayed demonstrated high surface roughness and high porosity, which are intrinsic from the arc spray process, resulting intermittent cutting; 2. The presence of sealant on the coating provided an increase in the machining force.Due to the sealant being an epoxy resin, the typical behavior of the cutting mechanism may have occurred in composite materials in which hard polymer particles are formed during milling, increasing the machining force; 3.In the machining process of the coating with the highest cutting speed (84 m/min), and with an insert with a radius of 0.8 mm, there was strong vibration, and the highest values of machining force were recorded, especially in the sample with sealant application; 4. The wear on the tip, which occurred as a result of the friction between the insert tip and the part, and the crater wear, as a result of the friction between the tool and the chip, were the most expressive in cutting tools; 5.The quality of the machined surface did not show relevant differences, where the average roughness remained within the standard of the literature in tools with or without sealant; 6.In machining with cutting speed of 50 m/min and spray coating without application of sealant, the insert with 0.4 mm radius showed more favorable results such as lower machining force, less wear and better finish on the machined surface; 7. The 0.8 mm radius insert showed better performance when machining the specimen with sealant with lower machining force, less tool wear on the main flank and slightly lower surface roughness.

I. INTRODUCTION
Subsoil investigation, consisting of in situ tests either independently or in combination with laboratory tests, has become a prerequisite for civil engineering projects.It provides geotechnical information which would inform the safe design of the substructure elements.Amongst the main challenges of the procedure is the determination of exploratory borehole (BH) locations.The borehole locations for collection of subsoil samples are often picked by the rule of thumb.It has been identified that one common cause of structural failures is inadequate subsoil investigation resulting in poor foundation design [1,2,3].
In geotechnical site investigation, it is often difficult to determine the spacing of borings before an investigation begins in any drilling programme without any specific pre-drilling guide such as the geophysical investigation methods.The subsurface geology of the proposed site remains the primary determinant.
The thrust of this study is to consider mapping localized features that could heighten post construction failure of built structures amidst the borehole spacing constraint, with a view to forestalling the attendant consequences on foundation works.

II. THEORETICAL REFERENCE
The stability of a structure depends greatly on the nature of the foundation which is anchored on the geologic conditions of the underlying geomaterials.The spacing adequate enough for reliable results demands requisite attention.Otherwise, some inherent features might be inevitably missed out as exploratory boreholes provide information only at discrete locations [3,4,5].
The crystalline basement rocks exhibit structural features (joints, fissures and fractures/faults) which are produced by weathering and tectonic processes.The features are associated with enhanced secondary porosity and permeability.Most often, occurrence of these water-bearing features in this terrain is localized and confined to weathered/fractured zones.These features must be avoided in foundation works as the watered joints and faults are more likely to be problematic in engineering   construction works.Most embankment problems occur from low compressive strength subsoil, high void ratios and unfavorable water content in the soil [1,3,6].An efficient location of boring and in situ test points is required to furnish adequate subsoil information.It is essential that borings should penetrate all strata that could shear or consolidate materially under the load of the structure.However, it is almost impracticable to drill boreholes at very close intervals.Foundation failures are often traceable to concealed geologic features within the subsurface which may precipitate differential settlement leading to failure or collapse of structures [7,8,9].

II.1 SITE DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGY
The area of study is located on the Ilora -Oyo road (Figure 1).It is underlain by undifferentiated basement complex rocks of the Southwest, Nigeria.The crystalline basement complex is highly fractured and jointed.Minor folds, lineations, shearing, bondinage and axial plane foliation are among the most prominent structural elements in these rocks.The dominant rock types in the area include migmatite, undifferentiated schist and gneiss, silicified sheared rocks and quartz veins (Figure 2).The region is characterized by faulting and jointing, showing a general trend of North -South with subsidiaries along NW -SE, E -W and NE -SW orientations.The depth of weathering depends to a large extent on the nature of the rocks, climate, topography and structural elements such as faults and joints [10,11,12].

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The investigation consisted of geotechnical fieldwork followed by geoelectric surveying essentially run to provide for an appraisal of the drilling results and eventual foundation recommendations.The geotechnical fieldwork comprising of two (2 Nos.) shell and auger boring was carried out using the light cable percussion rig of the Pilcon Wayfarer type.Sampling and in suit tests were carried out where necessary during the boring operations.Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was carried out at intervals to determine penetration resistance.The tests involve obtaining the number of blows (N-values) producing the last 300mm of penetration, in connection with an overall 450 mm penetration test, by a 63.4 kg hammer having a free fall through 760 mm.The penetration resistance is an indication of the density of cohesionless soils and of the strength of cohesive soils.SPT is thus an inplace dynamic shear test.The allowable bearing pressure based on the 'N' value has been estimated for the borehole locations [13,14].
The geophysical investigation was carried out using vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique with the Schlumberger array.Half current electrode spacing (AB/2) has been varied from 1 to 100m.The instrument used for resistance measurement was the ABEM Tetrameter SAS 300B with ABEM 2000 Booster.VES stations were located along the traverse such that at least one of the stations was very close to an exploratory borehole.Seven VES stations were occupied to generate the geoelectric sequence of the study area, delineate zones of weakness and evaluate the structural competence of the sub-soil/bedrock [3,15,16].The apparent resistivity values obtained from the vertical electrical sounding were plotted against electrode spacing on a bi-log paper.Visual inspection of these curves gave qualitative interpretation of the subsurface resistivity variations.Quantitatively the sounding curves were interpreted by partial curve matching technique using a 2-layer master curve and the corresponding auxiliary curves.Geoelectric parameters from this manual interpretation were improved upon through the use of computer iteration technique using the computer algorithm RESIST Version 1.0 [17].These results were then presented as geoelectric sections [3,15,18].In this study the exploratory boreholes provided controls to avoid interpretation ambiguity.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results of the drilling exercise showed a considerable variation in the subsoil conditions at the two points investigated.Bedrock was encountered at 4.0 m depth at BH 1 and 6.95 m depth at BH 2. The soil stratifications with the corresponding lithological sections are presented in Figure 3.The results of the SPT, the estimated allowable pressure and the proposed foundation recommendation based on the 2 Nos.exploratory boreholes drilled at the site are presented in Table 1.The SPT gave >800 kN/m 2 as allowable pressure at BH 1 and BH 2 respectively.
The geoelectric investigation is presented as a geoelectric section with the BH lithological section in place (Figure 4).Three subsurface geologic layers were delineated (the topsoil, lateritic/clay substratum and partly weathered/fractured basement/fresh basement with resistivity ranging from 623 -768 ohm-m, 58 -87 ohm-m and 1082 -3939 ohm-m, respectively).The thickness under VES 5 could be attributed to local fracturing of the bedrock.The third layer constitutes the bedrock with varying degree of freshness indicated by resistivity values ranging from 1082 to 3939 Ωm.The faulting/fracturing under VES 5 could be a consequence of a minor tectonic event emanating from the major faulting between Ilora and Oyo [10,11,15].
Despite the good correlations shown in Figure 3 (BH 1 / VES 1; BH 2 / VES 7) the localized structural defects (fracturing/faulting) occurring between VES 4 and VES 6 could not be deciphered from the borehole data.This is consistent with the fact that results from conventional geotechnical investigation methods are discrete.The marked variability and unpredictability of the nature of crystalline basement rocks suggests that precision is essential as the prolonged in situ weathering under tropical conditions has produced a lithologic sequence of unconsolidated material whose thickness and lateral extent vary extensively.The geology of the subsurface thus needs to be investigated in considerable details [12,15,16].
The thickness of the clayey horizon overlying the faulted bedrock is also significant.Substrata characterized by low resistivity (~ 1000 ohm-m) within the bedrock and low average resistivity (<100 ohm-m) within the overburden are considered geotechnically incompetent to bear significant engineering structures (Figure 5).Loading the near surface soil will result in consolidation settlement of the clayey layer overlying the bedrock [3,18].The existence of such tectonic features is inimical to the performance of the project if not addressed in the selection and design of the foundation.An effective site characterization is required in order to detect zones with poor geotechnical materials [2,13,19].The proposal of placing a spread foundation at a depth of 4.0m below the existing ground level at BH 1 (Elevation +282.26) and similarly at depth of 6.0 m at BH 2 (Elevation +280.26)informed by the results of the 2Nos.exploratory boreholes (Table 1) would have been considered adequate but for the risk of founding the piers and abutments within the problematic region around VES 5 spanning about 45.0 m of the 100 m right of way.The presence of these localized features would have adverse effects on the stability of the interchange if the spread foundation is adopted.
Although the bedrock with allowable bearing pressure of >800 kN/m 2 and resistivity of >3000 Ωm indicates a substratum of appreciable geotechnical competence, the uniformity of sound and competent unit cannot be assumed for the span (of about 45.0 m) through the degradation evidenced by the localized features.The region delineated as geotechnically incompetent requires engineering workings to be determined by the proposed load in order to improve the bearing capacity of the geomaterial.The application of jet grouting technique, as a soil stabilization method would enhance the competence of the affected region.Jet grouted piles become a suitable choice under these conditions [20,21,22].

V. CONCLUSIONS
The study revealed that geophysical exploration methods should be run to complement boring exercise for optimal results.Appropriate geophysical investigations should precede the application of traditional geotechnical investigation methods in order to guide the positioning of exploratory test points for optimum information on subsoil investigation.A simple spread foundation would be inadequate for the interchange despite the coherent results of the carefully executed drilling exercise due to the localized faulted region with the clayey saprolite of significant thickness delineated by the geoelectric survey.The 2Nos.borings at a separation of about 90.0m could not detect the problematic region.These results agree with the submission that exploratory boreholes provide information only at discrete locations while geophysical studies provide a relatively rapid and costeffective means of deriving aerially distributed information on subsurface geology.
To accommodate the varying depths to competent bedrock and the localized features indicative of lesser geotechnical integrity, friction bearing piles or jet grouted piles should be adopted for the foundation works of the structure.An integration of geophysics and conventional geotechnical investigation methods will enhance the efficiency and reliability of subsoil investigation thereby promoting stability of built structures.

I. INTRODUCTION
The rapid technological evolution of the last decades has been one of the main driving factors for organizations to be able to constantly outline new strategies and thus remain competitive in the market [1].These constant changes bring the need for adjustments in processes and operational procedures to seek increased productivity while maintaining the quality of products/services [2,3].
In this context, the application of standardized operational methods, as well as the management of activities so that they could generate more value to production processes, have become indispensable for current organizations to remain competitive and one of the tools that allow identifying opportunities for this standardization is the Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) [4].
MTM increases the competitiveness of the business, making it possible to identify its productive capacity and correct its weaknesses in relation to competitors [5].As we are experiencing a critical moment in the Brazilian economy, mainly because of the Covid-19 pandemic, it is necessary for organizations to be able to streamline their processes and this tool is a great opportunity for that.
Widely used in industry [4,5,6], however, there are already studies with its application in service providers, allowing an effective solution for product/service costs, with a focus on reducing time and eliminating waste [7].
The services segment has been greatly affected in recent years, mainly because of the current economic-sanitary crisis, with the stoppage of trade due to the expansion of the Covid-19 contagion.This situation has led companies to reinvent themselves and seek alternatives to better manage their processes and thus increase their efficiency and competitiveness [8].
Another factor that can improve performance is the use of new technologies, which allows for greater flow of information and materials, providing a more solid and concise basis for decisionmaking [9].Thus, organizations have been betting on new technologies for better process and product management, as well as identifying opportunities for continuous improvement.
In the quest to guarantee competitiveness, the application of the MTM allows maintaining the quality of services, reducing the idle time of some activities, and seeking continuous improvement of the processes [10,11].Banks are examples of service providers that, with the customer as the center of attention, their differential is in maintaining a service with quality, efficiency, and low operating cost [8].In the same way, it is possible to perceive this situation in organizations that provide services of the most different segments, such as, for example, in a beauty salon.
In this context, according to the Brazilian Association of the Personal Hygiene and Cosmetic Industry [12], Brazil has been gaining ground in the beauty sector, being among the three countries that most invested and invests in this sector, behind only China and the United States, in relation to the global market.
In this type of enterprise, there is a high demand for services that has been growing every year, especially in Brazil, which, even in the face of an economic crisis due to the covid-19 pandemic, has been recording continuous increases according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, known by the acronym IBGE, and the Brazilian Association of the Personal Hygiene, Perfumery and Cosmetics Industry, known by the acronym ABIHPEC [12].
This high demand implies operational overloads that can result in customer dissatisfaction if the establishment does not plan and adapt its activities.Thus, operations management tools such as MTM emerge as an opportunity to optimize the processes and resources employed.
Faced with a scenario conducive to the growth of this type of enterprise and the opportunities for improvement through MTM, this study aims to evaluate the operational results obtained from the application of the MTM tool in a medium-sized beauty salon in the Brazilian Northeast, to improve the productivity of your operations.

II.1 METHOD ENGINEERING: FROM TIME AND MOTION STUDY TO CHRONOANALYSIS
One of the pioneering areas of production engineering is methods engineering, which studies and analyzes the work system with the purpose of developing the best methods and procedures for people or a group of people to perform tasks in the production system without difficulties [13,14].
Method engineering has the purpose of developing the best methods and procedures for people or a group of people to perform tasks in the production system without difficulties [15], that is, this concept can be understood as the evolution of time, motion and chronoanalysis studies [16].
The study of time began in the first half of the 20th century through studies carried out by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856Taylor ( -1915) ) whose purpose was to determine the standard times of processes, but it was applied only in industries [2,17,18].
However, it was with the studies of the Gilbreth couple that work encompassing various topics began to be developed, with emphasis on improvements achieved on fatigue and monotony.In addition to these, they also developed studies on micro motions, chronocyclographs and the process flow chart [19].
The objectives of the study of movements are to determine the appropriate methods for performing a task, through a detailed analysis of the movements performed during the execution of the task, seeking to eliminate unnecessary movements and actions that increase the time to perform the activity [17].
The study by the Gilbreth couple, due to the proven cost reduction, was disseminated in the routine of the industries since their studies of movements focused on three specific objectives: preventing unnecessary movements in a task, optimizing movements that do not add value, but that are necessary for the process and define the best sequence of movements [20,18].These studies presented a more scientific methodology than the one used by Taylor, with the use of filming equipment, photographs, among others, and thus, it was possible to determine the characteristics of the fundamental movements.
To design increasingly efficient work methods, planning and standardizing their procedures are essential for enterprises to increase their productivity [20].Thus, the Gilbreth couple proposed the concept of "Therbligs", in which they classify into 18 elements and their respective symbologies, the elementary movements of human work, which are those precise movements that cannot be fragmented (Table 1).Source: Adapted by Yen [20].
This division of movements allows for a better detailing of operations, providing deeper analysis regarding unnecessary movements that do not add value to the product [21].
Chronoanalysis is one of the methods of time and motion evaluation, which is used to measure the time required for an operator to perform a task in production [22,23].Considering the physiological needs and fatigue of the operator, machines subject to breakage among other unforeseen events and, in view of the unforeseen events that may occur, a tolerance is considered over the proposed time [23].
With the updates carried out over time, the term study of movements and times started to have broader purposes, starting to emphasize the ideal method of process [2,20].So, the term methods engineering was suggested to be used in place of the term motion and time study [24].
Method engineering seeks to optimize workstations, establishing the handling and movement of materials, layout, tools to be used in the process and specific devices, through time measurements and rationalization of movements [25].
Complementing, [26], state that installing the best working method guarantees quality in the service, making the process more productive, agile, and more economical.
The increase in performance cannot be attributed to the physical effort of the operator, but to the increase in productivity resulting from the better use of movements.The improvement of methods can be divided into three stages, namely: planning, pre-production, and production, where a new work situation is created [16].
The study of methods listed in the rationalization, idealizes efficient and productive methods maintaining the standardization of the processes, in which once implanted, and the performer properly trained allows the establishment of the method and the workplace [27,28].

II.2 METHODS-TIME MEASUREMENT
Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) is considered a method that uses the evaluation of times and motions, initially implemented in the 1940s at the Westinghouse company, located in the city of Pittsburgh in the United States, by engineers Harold Bright Maynard, John Lenhard Schwab, and Gustave James Stegemerten [29,30].
MTM consists of analyzing the basic movements of manual operations or existing methods, where a predetermined standard time is associated with each movement that is established according to the nature of the movements and the conditions imposed [31,32].
For this, the main elements and their respective times are determined by filming the operations at a constant speed of 16 frames per second, facilitating the identification of the beginning and end.Operators must be properly trained to obtain better data, in addition to reducing operations times and improving existing methods [5,31].
According to [30], it is not necessary to measure the time of the man as the operator, as there are corresponding times for each movement to be performed, that is, the chronometer becomes obsolete for the evaluation of time and movement.In parallel with the advance in the use of MTM in organizations, the MTM Association was created, developing some ramifications such as [30,32]: Table 2: Ramifications of MTM organizations.

MTM -SD
German MTM Association MTM -UAS Universal Analysis System

MTM -MEK
For production of individual parts and small series Source: Adapted by Hengstebeck et al. [30] and Schröter et al. [32].
The basic movements considered by the MTM consist of five elements, reaching (R), grasping (G), moving (M), positioning (P) and releasing (RL), which constitute 80% to 85% of the human movements necessary for the performing a task or manual operation [30].
A standard time is assigned to each movement, represented by the Time Measurement Unit (TMU), where 1 TMU corresponds to 0.00001 hour and 1 second corresponds to 27.8 TMU's.[5,32].Thus, its implementation allows the uniformity of information, concept, applications and uses a single language that facilitates understanding and helps in the control of applications [29,33].

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research is characterized as a case study carried out in a beauty salon applying MTM in operational processes and procedures.For this, technical visits were carried out to observe the processes of the enterprise and seek to understand the services provided.
For data collection, a checklist was used that allowed the identification of services and their characteristics such as weekly demand, number of people involved in the process, the level of return to the salon by customers and the evaluation of the service (Figure 1).After collecting these data over a period of one-week, electronic spreadsheets were used to analyze the information and identify the service that has the greatest demand.This service was monitored through video recordings and, to provide greater accuracy in the information, the same operator was recorded in each service he performed.
Then, the stratification and identification of the movements performed in the operation were carried out, through the Kinovea program (specific software for this type of study), which allows the capture of the exact moments of each movement and its timing in milliseconds.
The video was attached to the software, reducing the speed of the movements for layering and timing.To analyze the movements and standard times established by the MTM, Table 3 was used as a basis.Each movement was treated in a table with its respective data, and, at the end, we sought to identify the standard times of each movement.These standard times were applied together with the others that were not transformed into MTM.Finally, the sequencing of the movements of the entire operation was standardized and the reduction of times was observed as a function of the standardization of the movements, analyzing the results obtained.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The company in the study operates in the segment of beauty services in a city in the Brazilian Northeast and has a team of employees composed of 13 people working in different activities such as: manicure, pedicure, hair hydration, hair bleaching, brushing, straightening, depilation, moon bath, among other services.It is considered as a medium-sized beauty salon, serving 78 customers weekly.
The physical structure includes a built area of approximately 91 m², however, because of the amount and arrangement of equipment, furniture, as well as the flow of people and materials, there are reports that some days productivity is impaired.The project's layout and activities are illustrated in Figure 2. When analyzing the layout of the establishment (Figure 2), it was observed some points that hindered the fluidity of operations such as the bad dimensioning of the installed capacity, disorganization of equipment and tools, high level of movement and, in addition, the services of manicure and pedicures do not have a fixed location.
After collecting data through the checklist (Figure 1), the results presented in Figure 3 were obtained, where it was possible to verify 11 main services, the weekly demand of each one, as well as the evaluation of customers regarding the return of their return.to the place and its perception of quality, totaling 122 services performed that week.
This week, 78 customers were served, as mentioned above.Regarding the services provided at the enterprise during this period, 43.59% (34 customers) of the customers used manicure and pedicure services and 56.41% (44 customers) used the other services provided by the beauty salon.It is noticed that there are customers who consume several services in the same week.As the manicure and pedicure service presented greater demand, an in-depth evaluation was carried out, verifying the operator's movement, and recording of the 3 different services: only manicure; pedicure only; and manicure and pedicure.
The manicure service is one of the services of the establishment that most requires movement, where through the Flowchart map (Figure 4) it was possible to observe the number of movements performed by the employee in a service.The lines in blue show the amount of travel for the manicurist and the lines in red the amount of travel for the customer.The evaluated manicurist has no control over its operations and performs the activities according to the progress of the other services, not presenting a standardized service.Due to this, in a service she changes location more than once.
For daily care, the manicurist makes an average of 15 trips, with an average of 46 steps each, considering a standard of 0.5 meters per step.At the end of the service, she has performed 690 steps, which in meters she has walked 345 meters per day, the equivalent of 2070 meters per week of service (6 days worked each week).Table 4 presents these data in detail.
With the recording of this operator's process, her movements were stratified, making it possible to perceive that the clients who wanted to do the procedure only with the foot, it has an average duration of 44 and a half minutes, for the clients who want to do the service only with the hand, has an average duration of 50 minutes and those who requested both procedures, on the feet and hands, the average duration was 1 hour and 30 minutes.The first aggravating factor that enhances the long duration of the activity is linked to the attention that the manicurist needs to give to the client, because at times there are conversations that make it impossible to carry out the activity and handle the tools.The second aggravating factor is the management of your activity from one place to another, due to having another person also performing different procedures (which may be brushing, cutting, eyebrows, among other services).
With the stratification of the movements, it was observed that this service is divided into six movements, where they are subdivided into more movements between them.Among these movements, four of them tend to add value to the service and demand more from the manicure to perform, namely: sawing nails, enameling nails, removing cuticles, and exfoliating feet (Figure 5).It can be seen in Figure 5 that the movements that add the most value are the removal of cuticles and nail enameled, as customers see it as a product within the service provided.
Linked to the objectives of optimizing and standardizing the movements, it was decided to map and analyze these movements through the MTM tool, where it was possible to describe each operation through coding and a standard time established by the tool (Table 3).All these analyzes resulted in the reduction of the total time of the manicure to perform its function, with a reduction of 54.61% in the total time to do the foot, passing to a duration of 20 minutes and 62.57% to do the hand, passing to have a duration of 20 and a half minutes.

V. CONCLUSIONS
During the pandemic period, the company suffered from the new health rules and had to adapt.This further required the organization to identify its weaknesses and eliminate waste to overcome these obstacles.Observing the results obtained, it was possible to perceive that the manicure and pedicure operation presents the greatest demand, and that the operator makes many movements that do not add value to the service and can be considered as a waste.
Applying Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) in the manicure and pedicure operation allowed us to better understand their activities and identify points for improvement.By optimizing this activity, we were able to achieve the objectives of this study, which was to evaluate the operational results obtained from the application of MTM in a medium-sized beauty salon in the Brazilian Northeast, to improve the productivity of its operations.
With the results obtained, it was possible to point out opportunities for improvement to the organization, with the perspective of making it more competitive in the market, better use of resources and with a focus on productivity, as it was possible to analyze its movements and reduce them, making it more agile.In addition, a reorganization of the company's layout was proposed, resulting in ergonomic improvements, reduced fatigue, and reduced physical effort by the operator.
In view of the above, it is concluded that this study can be extended to other operations of the establishment, as well as it can serve as a basis for other studies that use the MTM as a process evaluation tool aimed at optimizing operations.

I. INTRODUCTION
With the expected scarcity of fossil fuels and the need to reduce greenhouse gases, the adhesion of electric vehicles becomes considerable to meet the demands of distribution in the transportation of goods along with the Brazilian road network.In this way, the present article aims through the case study of a Distribution Center of food products located in São Gonçalo, RJ, to analyze the feasibility of the use of the prototype electric vehicle "TESLA Semi" as a possible sustainable action of the organization that other shipping companies could employ.
It is important to emphasize that the study proposed to be developed requires the application of the interdisciplinary premises since it depends on the use of knowledge from the areas of engineering, environmental sciences, and applied social sciences to integrate technical, environmental, and economic characteristics in order to develop a sustainable strategy for the supply chain management.
According to [1], the demand for the use of electric vehicles is directly linked to fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere.As well as to innovate a whole technological market, but that demands the capture and generation of energy electricity from vehicles from renewable sources since if electric vehicles are recharged from electricity produced from conventional technology plants like oil or coal-fired power plants, they can produce greenhouse gas emissions equal to or sometimes larger than conventional gasoline vehicles.The use of electric vehicle timeshare is another optimal solution that can be explored as reported by [2].
The importance of the electric vehicle in the sustainability is the main theme in several research as the discussion about the battery electric vehicle contributing to the sustainable urban logistic in [3], a comparison with hydrogen fuel vehicles [4], the use of personal carbon dioxide trade [5] and the experience of Netherlands with the electric vehicle adoption [6].
In Brazil the theme of electric vehicles and sustainability are discussed on different topics as hybrid vehicles [7], purchase intentions compared with other countries [8], and subsidies to accelerate the integration of the electric vehicle [9], impact of the electric vehicle connection in the distribution network [10][11] and the electric vehicles used in postal deliveries [12].
In the case of this study, we can observe that the use of the electric vehicle for the case studied, even though it brings environmental and social gains, is still economically infeasible, due to the acquisition and maintenance costs, which, even when disregarding fiscal charges, can reach on average three times the cost of the diesel model.

II. METHODOLOGY
As reported by [13] the mobility limits are imposed by geography and the speed, energy, and ergonomic constraints of travel models.In order to answer if the use of electric powered vehicles in Brazil is viable, the methodological procedures were based on data collection of the electric vehicle through two information systems: The Tesla Motors website (https://www.tesla.com/semi)for the data collection on the "Semi" prototype, and the McKinsey & Company website (https://www.mckinseyenergyinsights.com/insights/new-realityelectric-trucks-and-their-implications-on-energy-demand/), as well as searches on other informative platforms and videos, to better understand the features of the model.To conduct research on the diesel vehicle, model CRM6X2, manufactured by Volkswagen, data collection was realized out at the place of use of the same, where it was possible to diagnose the costs related to the acquisition and use of the vehicle from the ERP system CiSS Poder, which has the database of the company used in this case study.
Load acceleration tests and fuel consumption tests were carried out from data collection with drivers, with the mechanical workshop that handles the fleet for more than 10 years, and cost reports were made available by the other tracking software (OpenSat).Regarding the value of fuel consumption, a calculation was made as to the total kilometers travelled by these vehicles linked to the total fuel, considering the initial tank as zero, thus obtaining the average of all vehicles of the same model that travel in different urban areas of the Rio de Janeiro state.It should be noted that the data corresponding to the load capacity was obtained through the vehicle manual itself, as well as, the information obtained in the trucks themselves, which are authorized by ANTT (Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres -Brazilian National Road Transport Agency) to operate, and the data sources and methods defined are adequate to answer the question of research.

III. RESULTS
Table 1 presents information that was collected in the field and data obtained through the Tesla Motors tests and made available on its website (https://www.tesla.com/semi).Information based on the Dollar price referring to R$ 3.74 and Diesel price at R$ 3.48 (Liter).In this way, performing the direct conversion, without adding any other financial charges.The base date for 06/06/2018.Based on the data obtained and making a direct comparison between the two proposed vehicles, we noticed initially a large difference in the stipulated value of the cost of each truck.Therefore, more accurate analysis of the values to maintain this type of vehicle is necessary for the best choice according to the location of the road network of each location.Tesla Motors' vehicle proposal is directly linked to sustainability and environmental viability, see that there is a drastic reduction in the emission of polluting gases from the burning of fossil fuels and the emission of CO² generated by diesel vehicles.In addition to these environmental factors, one factor that makes the feasibility of electric vehicles effective is the issue of fuel economy, according to Tesla Motors Website (https://www.tesla.com/semi)there will be a substantial reduction in the value of fuels.Thus, a reduction of more than US $ 200,000.00(R$ 740,000.00+ in direct conversion with the dollar price used in this research) over two years.In this way, the vehicle is paid in that period.Official note from Tesla's website: "Electric energy costs are half those of diesel.With fewer systems to maintain, the Tesla Semi provides $200,000+ in fuel savings and a two-year payback period."[14].In Liu and Meng [15] there is an interesting comparative study considering innovation, ecological environment, market positioning and, business model with Tesla, Toyota, and BYD electric vehicles.
One of the factors disregarded in this research was the vehicle maintenance, where it is not yet possible to predict some incidents that may occur during the vehicle usage, as well as little information on periodic maintenance related to the Tesla model, has still not been released officially.
According to [16], the race for electric vehicles, whether small, medium, or large, will be subdivided into three main regions: United States, Europe, and China.Thus, with the rise of this type of vehicle throughout the world, it is believed that by 2030 electric vehicles are widely exploited.However, it should be noted that there has been researched in this area since the 2000s, in addition to the idea of electric vehicles was started more than 100 years ago, said that we can consider that this estimate changes and that in the coming years there are positive surprises in this follow-up of vehicle development, sustainability, and economic and social integration.
Figure 1 depicts the future possibility of electric vehicle racing across the globe.Source: [17].
Still, according to [16], it is possible to understand that the replacement of diesel vehicles will generate a great change in the economy in the years following the transition of fleet change.With electric power costing less than half of diesel as a form of fuel, different ways to self-sufficiency can be created to make this type of vehicle viable.Thinking strategically at a Distribution Center, we envisage a series of methods that can aid in this process of electric vehicle deployment, as well as meet the sustainability requirements proposed by the vehicle change.Among the proposed methods, we have: • Implementation of power plants from solar panels coupled throughout the Distribution Center; • Implementation of solar panels in the vehicles themselves, optimizing the use of the battery; • Regenerative load serving as an extra battery, where it would be implanted in the vehicles themselves, recharging through the truck's brakes, in this way, the kinetic energy recharges the auxiliary battery.(This method may damage the battery lifespan) In addition to the modes presented, others can be developed over the years, considering that the technology tends to evolve more and more, we have great possibilities of sustainable viability on this type of vehicle.As one of these modes, induction recharging, refers to a new technology presented by Qualcomm (an American multinational semiconductor and telecommunications equipment company) [18] where the battery of the vehicle would be recharged without the need for contact between the vehicle and the charger, thus providing the vehicle can be recharged in motion.Although it is a great innovation in this sector, we are still far from achieving it due to the many reasons inherent to the road network.Thus, the trend of acquiring this type of vehicle tends to be greater over the periods, and, perhaps, becoming more used than diesel vehicles.
Table II (Appendix) shows a complete analysis of the fleet studied in this proposal, where the consumption discrepancy between vehicles can be seen more clearly.
Considering the data obtained through the analysis and field tests carried out on the vehicles of the distribution center, we can consider a series of factors that contribute to the diffusion of the thought of the fleet exchange of vehicles driven by combustion engines for vehicles with electric motors.From the environmental bias, we must consider the amount of gases emitted by these vehicles and think of methods to mitigate them.From the economic point of view, we have the question of average daily fuel consumption ranging from 21 liters to the most economical up to 86 liters per day.These values directly impact the company's revenue as its operating costs, since, depending on the vehicle and its use, there may be a daily fuel cost of approximately R$ 301.00, on the other hand, if the vehicle depended on an electric motor, that figure could have been reduced by 67% of the cost, and if there were clean and sustainable production of electricity (wind and solar are more prone in the region), this could become self-sufficient, reducing fuel costs by 100%(From data obtained by OpenSat).As proposed by [19], other renewable energy sources can be considered and analyzed so that sustainable bias can be achieved in full.
According to [20], with the increasing urban expansion in the transport sector, the burning of fossil fuels from these vehicles increases gradually and implies a series of environmental and social factors.Much is said about electric vehicles and their viability within urban centers as a mitigating agent for the emission of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect.However, in addition to tax incentives to replace the diesel fleet, other assumptions must be studied, analyzed, understood, and designed for the efficient reduction of the polluting gases, as well as to structure in an intelligent and technological way that pole for reference in sustainability.Within this assembly line of electric vehicles, the battery is the main component of this automobile and, consequently, the item with the highest value in its production and acquisition of it.Considering this fact, since the assembly line must pay special attention to the production of this item and after its useful life, a more relevant factor is its discard.Certainly, this issue of battery disposal will be the industry's biggest challenge globally.There are specific studies about the re-use of the electric vehicle batteries in stationary applications as discussed in [21].

IV. CONCLUSION
According to the objective, it is possible to conclude that in the current scenario, Brazil is very distant from the implantation of large electric vehicles, so that this new step towards the sustainable future it is necessary that there be fiscal incentives not only for the acquisition of imported vehicles, but also that it allows the implantation of assemblers along the federative units of the national territory, as well as the incentive to the installation of

Figure 1b :
Figure 1b: Machining force components in the work plan: b) frictional force (FT) and normal force to the output surface (FN).Source: Adaptation by[11].

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Graphic of the activities that add value to manicure and pedicure services.Source: Authors, (2022).

Table 3 :
Chemical composition of wires in the thermal spraying

Table 5 :
Sample machining initial conditions.
Conceptualization: Methodology: Carlos Jorge Leão de Oliveira and Tatiane de Campos Chuvas.Investigation: Carlos Jorge Leão de Oliveira and Rafael da Cunha Hamano.Discussion of results: Carlos Jorge Leão de Oliveira and Tatiane de Campos Chuvas.Writing -Original Draft: Carlos Jorge Leão de Oliveira.Writing -Review and Editing: Carlos Jorge Leão de Oliveira, Rafael da Cunha Hamano and Tatiane de Campos Chuvas.Resources: Carlos Jorge Leão de Oliveia and Hector Reynaldo Meneses Costa.Supervision: Hector Reynaldo Meneses Costa and Tatiane de Campos Chuvas.Approval of the final text: Carlos Jorge Leão de Oliveira, Hector Reynaldo Meneses Costa, Tatiane de Campos Chuvas and Rafael da Cunha Hamano.

Table 1 :
SPT Results and Foundation Recommendation (based on 2Nos.Exploratory boreholes drilled at the site).

Table 1 :
Elementary movements of human work.

Table 3 :
Standard fills for MTM moves.

Table 3 :
MTM analysis of pedicure and manicure services.

Table 1 :
Data of the searched vehicles.

Table II -
Table II cited in item III.Analysis of diesel vehicles