Estimating the Service Life of Concrete Reinforced with Advanced Materials: Integration of IoT Sensors and Digital Twins

Abstract

The protection of durability and safety in concrete structures increasingly depends on structural health monitoring (SHM) using embedded sensors, which enable real-time monitoring of the internal conditions of the material and support preventive maintenance strategies. This paper analyzes the behavior and adaptability of different sensors integrated into concrete for early damage detection and the development of more robust smart infrastructures. A systematic review of the literature was carried out in the Scopus and Science Direct databases, examining 71 peer-reviewed scientific articles published between 2022 and 2025 in the fields of engineering and materials science and written in English. The findings show that fiber optic, piezoelectric, capacitive, and resistive sensors are particularly effective in recording deformation, temperature, humidity, pressure, and chloride penetration. Furthermore, their combination with artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and digital modeling tools such as BIM and ANSYS increases predictive capability and improves the representation of structural behavior. Similarly, both laboratory research and field applications demonstrate their reliability, resistance to environmental conditions, and potential for scaling. Overall, it is concluded that sensor networks.