Performance and Emission Enhancement of a CRDI VCR Engine Fueled with TiO₂-Infused Tomato Seed Biodiesel Using RSM Optimization

Resumo

This study enhanced the response of a CRDI single-cylinder four-stroke VCR engine under various input parameters with a novel tomato seed biodiesel (B25) infused with TiO2 nanoparticles. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to examine the influence of various input parameters on engine responses, including specific fuel consumption (SFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and emissions of CO, HC, and NOx. The examined factors included injection pressure (IP), load, compression ratio (CR), and nanoparticle concentration as gasoline additives. Through the optimization of all input parameters, the RSM identified the optimal point at which the engine achieved maximum performance with minimal emissions. The optimal settings for the input parameters are as follows: a nano biofuel mix ratio, an injection pressure of 799 bar, a compression ratio of 20, and a load of 3.63 kg. This configuration of input parameters produces optimal outcomes for BTE (22.46%), SFC (0.25 kg/kWh), CO (0.023%), HC (22.01 ppm), and NOx (536 ppm). To ensure validity, we compared the experimental value with the ideal value predicted by RSM and observed a satisfactory correlation